Women in particular are rarely aware of their rights. That year, the number of people who reached military age was estimated at 604,533 personnel, while military expenditure was estimated at $3.4 billion. By bringing together a multitude of OECD instruments and expertise in different areas of public governance, the … Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window). The administrative-police functions include public order, public security, and traffic control on roads outside the cities. Ministers can be questioned orally in both chambers, and a vote of no-confidence in the government can be passed. As under the French system, an investigating judge investigates serious offences and can remand a suspect into pre-trial custody. The bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Representatives (395 members), elected for five years by direct universal suffrage, and the House of Councillors (with a maximum of 120 members), elected for six years by a complicated system of indirect elections by local councils, professional organizations, and labour unions. Public Opinion In the early days after Moroccan independence, the Soviet Union supplied a large amount of military equipment, most of which is no longer in service. As part of the policy under the French Protectorate of dividing Arabs from Berbers, the French authorities installed a system of customary law in the Berber areas. Only one-quarter of judicial trainees are women, and 90 percent are from the cities, although only 55 percent of the population is urban. Elected regional councils would control the local budget, supported by an Interregional Solidarity Fund. The Cabinet determines and implements public and foreign policy and oversees the passing of laws by Parliament. Women have been recruited since the early 1980s. Tensions are already mounting between the main political parties. The Constitution is a product of modern nationalism and the struggle for independence, yet there was an early project for constitutional rule in 1908, on the eve of the Protectorate, which proposed limited controls on the sultan and was based on the idea that the Japanese, equipped with a constitution, had defeated the autocratic Russian empire in 1906. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Morocco’s recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance. There are two parliamentary sessions a year, beginning in October and April. As a result, many were muted in their criticism and positioned themselves in the political centre. He also spent time training in the office of Jacques Delors, when Delors was President of the European Commission. The top level of local government is the region. The Communist Party was banned in 1952 but resurrected in 1974, still with Ali Yata at its head, as the Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et Socialisme, PPS). The Prime Minister and Cabinet are officially appointed by the King, but the government’s programme must be approved by a majority vote of the Chamber of Deputies after a debate in both parliamentary chambers. Not only do the elections constitute an evaluation of the success or failure of the constitutional reforms that Morocco adopted in 2011, but also a litmus test for ... What is the state of security today in Morocco? The Communist Party was legalized in 1937 and grew through the trade unions. Towards New Arrangements for State Ownership in the Middle East and North Africa Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises in Morocco… parliamentary elections of 7 October 2016, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, protesting the incorporation of the Western Sahara, Consultative Commission on Regionalization, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2011 US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Morocco. The parties vanished during World War II but re-emerged after the American invasion of 1943, with the foundation of the Independence Party (Parti de l’Independence, Parti Istiqlal, or Istiqlal, PI), whose manifesto marks the beginning of modern nationalism and the modern Moroccan state. The judicial system was subjected to interference by the authorities in political cases, and dissidents were arrested, held incommunicado for long periods, and tortured. According to the Constitution, Parliament exercises legislative power and can validate the authority of the government. Corporate Governance in Transition Economies Morocco Country Report June 2016 Prepared by: Gian Piero Cigna Ahmed Meziou With the assistance of: Nestor Advisors . Trade courts deal with commercial and business disputes with a value under a specific amount. Based on the Alexandria Protocol of 1944, the League of Arab States – commonly referred to as the Arab League – was founded in Cairo on 22 March 1945. As all the constitutions make clear, the head of state is the King (or Sultan, in 1908) who is ‘Commander of the Faithful’ (amir al-muminin). It positioned itself as a moderate Islamist party inspired by the Turkish Islamist movement and went on to become the biggest party in the elections in November 2011, when Benkirane became Prime Minister of a coalition government. Matching expectations with opportunities for participation in civic life is also an important component in addressing security and stability in the country. Readers are advised to seek … In the end, the sultan, after changing his title to ‘King’ in 1956, won the post-independence struggle for power. In 1996, under a new Constitution, the repression began to lift. The Transition Fund was launched at the WB-IMF last annual meetings in Tokyo by the G8 Deauville … The military forces’ extensive combat experience in the Western Sahara has given them operational expertise in desert warfare and combined air-land warfare. An overview of human rights in Morocco. Royal family members claim direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad via his daughter Fatima, his son-in-law Ali Ibn Abu Talib, and their son Hassan. This was essentially the system adopted in the first Moroccan Constitution of 1962, but the Parliament was reduced to a single chamber for most of the 1970s and 1980s. In January 2017, Morocco signed a $91 million deal with Harris Corporation to provide AN/ALQ-211 Advanced Integrated Defensive Electronic Warfare Suite (AIDEWS) systems to help protect its RMAF F-16 aircraft fleet against electronic threats. Buy +/-/ 1000. Full sessions are held in public. Tweet. There are enormous difficulties to realizing it. The constitutional reforms undertaken by Morocco since the 2011 protests have modified legislative and institutional procedures, yet their real impact on governance needs to be assessed. Good governance is mainstreamed in all GIZ’s programmes in Morocco. The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts and resolves jurisdictional disputes. They also hear criminal cases involving petty offences. The main light tanks are French (AMX-13) and Austrian (SK-105 Kürassier). This would permit the operation of a local autonomy plan for the Western Sahara: the two Saharan provinces would be empowered to use local resources to develop the infrastructure and improve the economic conditions. This was a common model for early opponents of European imperialism in Africa and Asia. Istiqlal split again in 1957, when Mahjoubi Aherdane and Abdelkarim al-Khatib set up a Berber-dominated, royalist party, the Popular Movement (Mouvement Populaire, MP), and yet again in 1959, when Mehdi Ben Barka led the left wing away to form the National Union of Popular Forces (Union Nationale des Forces Populaires, UNFP; called Socialist Union of Popular Forces or the Union Socialist des Forces Populaires, USFP from 1974). The Navy is being re-equipped with Dutch-built SIGMA frigates. There is also a small-claims legal system. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Morocco’s recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance… This can have the result of creating alternative legal solutions in certain areas. However, basing his analysis on governance indicators such as the Worldwide Governance Indicators and components of the Arab Democracy Index, Benhlal points out that the practice of governance of Morocco is not as positive as claimed in the political discourse. The latter was first enacted in 1957 and modified in 2004 and is by far the most controversial (see Women). The country’s forces have gained valuable experience as a result of political instability in North Africa, in particular the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south, as well as more limited experience as part of the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. The Constitution (Article 80) states that ‘The judicial authority is independent of the legislative power and of the executive power’ and that magistrates are not removable (Article 83). Human Rights in Morocco. The National Security includes various technical services, such as scientific and computer specialists. This was reflected in the King’s speech in March 2011 and the constitutional amendment in July of the same year. The party won the municipal elections in 2009, and, with 47 seats, came fourth in the 2011 parliamentary elections. The report on service delivery in Morocco, prepared by SIGMA, was presented during the event. The Moroccan army is notable for its large number of personnel and high level of training. Northern Morocco, particularly the region of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, has historically been an area where disenfranchised youth have been recruited into violent extremist activities. According to recent reports, Moroccan jihadists are continuing to join IS in Libya and are in... Morocco is still without a government. Offically a parliamentary constitutional democracy, in … Morocco is a monarchy, and has been ruled by members of the Alaouite dynasty since the beginning of the 17th century. Women were first recruited as uniformed officers in 1997. The Ministry of Justice recognizes that the level of judicial competence is generally low, a consequence of the poor training of judges by the National Institute of Judicial Studies, which lacks staff and resources, and because of shortcomings in court internships. OECD Public Governance Reviews; Open Government in Salé, Morocco OECD Public Governance Reviews This series includes international studies and country-specific reviews of government efforts to make the public sector more efficient, effective, innovative and responsive to citizens’ needs and expectations. The Bloc was banned in 1937 and replaced by two parties, one headed by Ouezzani and the other by al-Fassi. Access to the Courts Morocco ; Home; RELATED. April 9, 2013. Similarly, although defendants are presumed innocent and have a legal right to a fair public trial with right of appeal, this is not always the case in practice, especially in political cases involving those protesting the incorporation of the Western Sahara. But Mohammed VI, who came to the throne when he was quite young – he was born in 1963 – has modernizing and technocratic credentials. Most equipment has recently come from the United States; before that, the main supplier was France. Transparency and open budget, the true stakes in Morocco’s governance reform; BLOG. Parliament passes laws: legislative bills are submitted to both chambers, and if they do not adopt an identical text, the government sets up a joint committee with equal representation to establish it. Most of the population cannot afford legal services, as the average lawyer’s fee is equivalent to two to four weeks of the minimum wage. The general opinion of the judicial system is low, partly because there is such a high level of illiteracy. The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2018, for six dimensions of governance:Voice and AccountabilityPolitical Stability and Absence of ViolenceGovernment EffectivenessRegulatory QualityRule of LawControl of Corruption The Worldwide Governance … Overview of governance in Morocco: the monarchy, the executive, the legislative, the legal system, local government, military and police. Morocco is currently under the Alaouite Dynasty and each King since 1666 has belonged to the Alaouite family. Such a research faces methodological and practical impediments stemming from the paucity of information on funding and other governance … The acquired copyright protected images used on/as featured image of this page are: ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Fanack | ©Fanack | Fanack ©Fanack. In 2018, military expenditure accounted for 3.1 per cent of GDP, compared with 3.2 per cent in both 2017 and 2016, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Article 4 of the preceding (1996) Constitution said exactly the same thing, as did every previous Constitution (1992, 1972, 1970, and 1960), but the rule of law during the reign of his father was extremely circumscribed. He was appointed in November 2011, after elections, and heads a coalition including the centre-right nationalist Istiqlal, the liberal Popular Movement (Mouvement Populaire, MP), which has Berber roots, and the left-wing Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme, PPS; formerly the Parti Communiste du Maroc). PAM includes in its ranks members with different ideological leanings such as liberals, leftists, Islamists and royalists, suggesting a lack of a clear ideological direction. Increasing European hegemony led religiously inspired nationalists to overthrow him and replace him with one of his brothers, Abdelhafid. The United States Government, through USAID, is working closely with different political actors – political parties, government entities, civil society organizations (CSO), and civil society as a whole – to help them build their capacities, facilitate citizen participation, and ensure sustainable participatory governance. Mohammed V’s son, Hassan II, who ruled from 1961 until 1999, maintained the facade of a constitutional monarchy, but he was the master of his realm. In that year defectors from the OADP created the Democratic Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste Démocratique, PSD), former members of the OAPD set up the Front of Democratic Forces (Front des Forces Démocratiques, FFD), and, in yet another secession from the MP line, the Democratic and Social Movement (Mouvement Démocratique et Social, MDS) separated from Aherdane’s MNP. Despite criticisms that PAM is a political tool for the monarchy, the party came in second in the 2016 parliamentary elections, obtaining 102 seats. It also appoints the administrative heads of government departments, the presidents of universities, and the heads of other institutions of higher education. He notes an excessive focus on laws and institutional procedures that do not translate into the necessary transformation in the status of governance and the nature of the Moroccan political regime. Since independence, the civil- and criminal-law systems have been based on French, Spanish, and Islamic law, following French legal procedure. A taoutiq judge (who handles notary issues and issues concerning minors), assisted by aduls (religiously-trained clerks), applies the personal law in the first-instance court. One model seems to have been the system of regional government in Spain; when these structures were outlined in the 2011 Constitution, Article 140 spoke of the principle of subsidiarity, a typically European Union concept that refers to policies being handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized level of authority. In Morocco, internal demands for institutional reform backed by popular support have become a major lever in assisting to establish good governance in the country since early 2011. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. In March 2017, the king appointed Saad Eddine el-Othmani, who is a member of PJD, to form the government. Morocco News reads latest regional, national and local headlines in English, France and Arabic. … Comments are welcome: please provide comments to cignag@ebrd.com 2 This Report does not constitute legal advice. Regions are administered by a Wali (governor), appointed by the King, and a regional council, elected by direct universal suffrage. The French did, however, maintain the institution of royal family and appointed another brother, Yusef, as sultan. Each session lasts for no more than four months. Economy . Transport planes are largely US-made. Morocco is the world’s largest exporter of phosphate, which is an industry controlled by the royal family and by the elite who monopolize larger, multi-sector industries and who are close associates of the mon… This area of Morocco … Some were Moroccan branches of French political parties based in the settler community, others were specifically Moroccan organizations. At present, Morocco is divided into 16 regions: Each region is headed by a governor (wali) and includes of a varying number of provinces (covering rural areas) and prefectures (covering large urban areas). The Navy is the poor relation of the services: it has some modern French-built frigates, but its main fleet consists of aging patrol and coastal craft that cannot prevent fast boat smuggling across the Mediterranean. This is formalized in five codes that have been updated and revised at various times: Civil (1913), Penal (1962), Penal Procedure (1959), Commercial (1996), and Mudawana (for family law). Al-Fassi, Ouezzani, and others set up the National Action Bloc (Bloc d’Action National, BAN) and proposed a Plan of Reforms in 1934, which the French rejected. Constitutionality has a legitimizing role in Morocco, but so does monarchy. Islamic law too is codified, in the Mudawana. In 2019, Morocco ranked 61 out of 137 countries included in the annual GFP review. Each of Morocco’s first five constitutions since independence began the same way: ‘Morocco is a constitutional democratic and social monarchy.’ The sixth Constitution in 2011 added the word ‘parliamentary’: ‘Le Maroc est une monarchie constitutionnelle, démocratique, parlementaire et sociale.’ The monarchy is very old: the current dynasty dates back to the mid-17th century and is the oldest surviving ruling family in the Arab countries. After the protests against the Berber Dahir in 1930, the first Moroccan nationalist groups were set up, and three young leaders became the founding fathers of Moroccan politics, Allal al-Fassi, Mehdi Ben Barka, and Mohammed Hassan Ouezzani. Political Parties Four months after the parliamentary elections of 7 October 2016, Abdelilah Benkirane, leader of the winning Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), was unable to form the coalition government required by law.

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