Sous le commandement du général Ludendorff, les Allemands battent en retraite. These factors together led to a well-documented drop off in health, fertility and life expectancy among new immigrants. The Buffalo Evening News led with a piece describing Buffalo the following morning as “…a community without street cars, theatres, saloons or schools—a situation unique in its history as a city.”. Funeral director Ernest Wedekindt offered a special funeral package for flu victims in October 1918. Evaluations fantaisistes. Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». Although the grain transshipment and associated industries that had made Buffalo’s fortune were under threat from the Welland Canal, the city was home to a variety of industries vital to the allied war effort that continued to spur growth. Presumably, this was somewhat shocking to readers—something akin to our modern reaction to images of space-suit-clad doctors caring for Ebola patients in Liberia—but no doubt it was also meant to be instructive. Certains A7V eurent l'occasion de se mesurer à des chars anglais Mark IV, et subirent quelquefois des dommages : les plaques métalliques de l'A7V cassaient sous les impacts de calibres moyens. This second outbreak was extremely fatal. Mais rien ne se passera comme prévu… Chronique des derniers mois qui ont tout fait basculer. Given these realities, it is perhaps unsurprising that the first reported cases of influenza in Buffalo were in the 10th and 15th wards on the East Side, which were heavily populated by immigrants. Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this particular outbreak of the disease only became apparent once epidemiologists began counting the dead. According to a 1919 report, of the city’s 475,000 residents, a total of 28,398 were sickened. Les dernières offensives allemandes du printemps 1918 marquent l'usage majeur de chars de l' Entente, notamment à Soissons et Amiens. As a result, Mayor Buck issued an edict on October 10 closing churches, theaters, schools and “places of public assemblage,” effective 5 a.m. on Friday, October 11. A must-have for the sports enthusiast on your list! However, as the ghastly outbreak unfolded a few short hours down the rails in Boston in the third week of September, New York classified the affliction as a reportable disease and created a thorough flu surveillance system. This works out to a morbidity rate of about 6 percent, far less than the ten percent national average. The changing demographics and industry of Buffalo were only two of the changes rocking the Queen City. These measures ranged from totally quarantining a community and shutting down all places of entertainment, churches, schools and shops to public bans on spitting and mask requirements. La guerre des tranchées s'achève sur le front occidental. With America’s entry into the First World War, the following May saw thousands of U.S. soldiers cross the Atlantic for service in Europe. Armour in Profile. Les chars mis en œuvre en nombre par les Alliés contribuèrent à la défaite finale de l’armée impériale allemande en 1918 . Off the Beaten Path: Frederick Douglass in Allegany County, at least one special character (! Koch, Fred (1994). (Agrandir la photo) 2 / 16. The following day the workers of the International Railway Corporation (IRC) declared a strike after failing to obtain a raise. Hundleby, Maxwell; Strasheim, Rainer (1990). By 1920, the Chamber of Commerce listed at least eight theaters, providing low-cost entertainment for Buffalonians of all classes as well as a nearly ideal environment for the spread of flu. Articles sur A7V and variants à Landships II. Death in this manner was particularly nasty because the flu virus destroyed the lining of the patient’s airways, at which point secondary bacterial infections would infect the damaged tissue. As part of his campaign, Gram distributed a bulletin from the U.S. Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas-Verlag GmbH. Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Le premier exemplaire fut livré le 1er octobre 1917. The predominantly Irish immigrants who had scooped the laker’s holds into the silos along the waterfront gave way to the new wave of immigrants in Buffalo. The German A7V Tank and the Captured British Mark IV Tanks of World War I. Haynes Foulis. Gram was aware of the danger, as he had made the flu reportable on September 20 and the following day announced that he had devised a plan to fight influenza. A7V no 506 Mephisto exposé à Brisbane, Australie. Dr. Gram sounded a cautious note, suggesting that his agency was running down the people possibly infected and that there were effective preventative measures available. Si les exhalaisons de crottin s'accrochent aux basques des soldats qui partent en 1914, ce sont bien des effluves de pétrole qui accompagnent en 1918 les troupes qui remontent vers le Rhin. lire plus. 30 Novembre 2016, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #allemands, #champ de bataille, #char, #centenaire, #WW1, #combats, #tranchées - Bonjour a toutes et tous . Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. All official pronouncements on the flu were muted in an effort to avoid public panic. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications. Buffalo’s old Central High School on Niagara Square (at right of photo) was hastily converted to a 1,000-bed emergency hospital in an effort to contain and care for Buffalonians who had contracted influenza. Les Chars allemands. Social norms within Buffalo broke down quickly; one of the city’s Polish-language newspapers reported that priests were doing funerals assembly-line style, blessing a stream of caskets as they passed in front of the church. Wehrtechnik und wissenschaftliche Waffenkunde. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. But at this time the decision of whether or not to adopt such measures was largely left in local hands. Le 24 avril trois unités furent engagées à Villers-Bretonneux ou elles se heurtèrent à des Mark IV de la British Army dans ce qui fut le premier affrontement entre chars de combat. Le haut commandement allemand ne croyant pas à l'utilité du char d'assaut, sa fabrication ne fut pas prioritaire : il y eut plus de chars britanniques ou français capturés dits Beutepanzer et utilisés par les forces allemandes … These entities were responsible for tracking disease, implementing public health measures and keeping the public informed of both. Au début de l'année 1918, deux conceptions stratégiques différentes se font jour. Private Arthur Poole succumbed to the disease at Camp Custer in Michigan before he could test his bravery against the Kaiser’s guns. Chars allemands ! In March of 1918 over 100 soldiers at the camp had contracted influenza and that number would greatly multiply in only a short period. L’Allgemeine Kriegsdepartement 7, Abteilung Verkehrswesenavec Joseph Völlmer débute le projet d’un premier prototype en novembre 1916. At about the same time, U.S. Foley, John (1967). This drew the city into one cohesive whole and allowed the spread of disease in crowded streetcars, as well as the rapid movement of disease from one locale to another. Char allemand A7V Sturmpanzer 32 tonnes. Password must be at least 8 characters and contain: Doctors and nurses attend to dozens of stricken soldiers at Fort Riley, KS. These newcomers also had an increased susceptibility to contagious disease. Le 8 octobre suivant enfin, onze A7V se heurtèrent aux Mark IV du 12e bataillon britannique. U.S. In fact, the flu was a major cause of mortality in the war. Juin 1918 : La relance des offensives allemandes. This second wave was made up mostly of Poles and Italians, who commonly worked as low-skill industrial laborers in 1918. Ernest R. Goat, who made his living selling Chevrolets to the people of Buffalo, died and left behind a widow and two children, one of whom was also dying of the flu. Surgeon General Blue mentioned that 1,040 soldiers and sailors had died, mostly of flu or pneumonia in stateside camps in the last week, up from 172 the week previous. Le premier char allemand - Sturmpanzerwagen A7V illustré (vidéo). Mais, si l'on en croit les mémoires de Ludendorff, cet exercice ne fit pas grande impression…. No doubt their affirmative decision was influenced by the fact that 160 new cases had been reported by noon that day. A third wave of influenza would hit the United States during the winter and spring of 1919, including over 700 cases reported in New York City (with 67 deaths), but this wave would falter with the coming of summer. When this happens, the body’s response is to send in volumes of antibodies and lymph. Beutepanzer im Ersten Weltkrieg [Captured tanks in the First World War] (in German). Il y a 80 ans, le 15 mai 1940, d’intenses combats débutaient dans le village de Stonne (Ardennes, région Grand-Est) entre les chars français et les blindés allemands. Le 27 mai 1918, à la suite d’un bombardement inouï alimenté par 1 158 batteries, les Allemands s’élancent à l’assaut du Chemin des Dames et atteignent le jour même la vallée de l’Aisne. Ils dureront jusqu’au 25 mai. Opposant presque tous les états d'Europe, ce conflit fut le résultat d'un nationalisme et d'un militarisme exacerbés au début du XXe siècle. The influenza pandemic was a private tragedy that occurred during a time of great and very public tragedy and triumph in the First World War. The picture was a profile view that clearly showed how to tie a mask. Dans la région de Villiers-Bretonneux-Cachy, trois chars anglais, un » mâle » et deux » femelle « , se trouvèrent face à face avec deux chars allemands. Le char de combat allemand A7V fut construit en 1917 à la suite de la présence sur le front du premier tank anglais le Mark 1. Dans l'article précédent ont été examinés raisons et prérequis pour la création des charsainsi que les projets des premiers chars anglais au monde et les projets de chars proposés en Russie. Dr. Irving White Potter was a leading proponent of child delivery through a method called "version and extraction." La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 20 décembre 2020 à 12:48. These immigrants arrived at the very bottom of a social structure that lacked any of the safety nets we have today. Le 21 mars 1918 des A7V furent engagés pour la première fois à la bataille de Saint-Quentin. By the end of the month, nearly one-quarter of the camp had been struck down, with 14,000 cases reported, including over 750 fatalities. Le même Elfriede, sans son armement principal et en compagnie d'officiers français et britanniques. Foss, Christopher F. (2003). Celebrating the Light, Color, and Architecture of the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo 1901. That said, Gram did mention that the war and the epidemic already raging in Boston had virtually stripped Buffalo of medical professionals, saying: “I would not know where to get either doctors or nurses in Buffalo in case of emergency, for a majority of them are overseas.”. - Je continue avec des taches en HUMBROL 160 brun-rouge allemand . Le Sturmpanzerwagen A7V (véhicule d'assaut blindé) fut le seul char d'assaut développé et déployé par l'armée allemande durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Fin 1914-1915. par Eric Le Maitre | 25 octobre 2020 | Uniformes. L’armée allemande fut très en retard en ce domaine et seulement 20 chars A7V, des boîtes blindées peu manœuvrables, furent construits en 1918. The car men agreed to the deal outdoors, of course, at the Buffalo Baseball Park. Gates Circle has witnessed, not only a name change, but also a whole renovation in its lifetime. It also eased crowding in downtown, effectively isolating anyone whose business didn’t merit jitney fare or a long walk. The streetcar system was well established in Buffalo by 1918, with over 415 miles of track laid within the city and the suburbs. Students were spared making up all of the class time they missed by Superintendent of Schools Ernest C. Hartwell, who added a half hour to each remaining school day and argued that, “Those in charge of making out Regent’s examinations [will have] to make them easier this year.” A small notice, consisting of two sentences, well below the fold on November 8 declared, “Influenza is no longer epidemic in Buffalo.” Three days later, the war ended and the world definitively moved on—or so it would seem. Bulletins and posters, like this one from Connecticut, were disseminated in an attempt to educate the population on measures to prevent the spread of influenza. Public health booth in Seneca County—one of many that were established around Western New York in a frantic effort to treat victims of the influenza epidemic, as well as attempt to stem the disease’s spread. This meant that doctors were not required to report cases to the local health authorities. German Tanks in WWI – The A7V & Early Tank Development. C"est le début de la fin pour l'armée impériale. Pour la première fois dans l’histoire des guerres, un combat chars contre chars eut lieu le 24 avril 1918. Les dernières batailles de la Grande Guerre en juin 1918. In all, more than 29 million Americans contracted influenza between its first onset in the spring of 1918 and its final wave in Hawaii in 1920. Their employers’ attention to worker welfare and safety was astonishingly callous, leading to both industrial disease and lower overall health for factory workers. In March of that year, more than 100 soldiers at Fort Riley, KS, had contracted the disease and that number would skyrocket in the next week. With a population of 475,000, Buffalo was the nation’s tenth largest city in 1918. Although this spelled disaster for the factories, schools and businesses of Buffalo, as well as the citizens who had to scramble to find alternative means to reach them, it closed a significant vector of infection. La Première Guerre mondiale (la Grande Guerre) fut un conflit militaire majeur qui eut lieu de 1914 à 1918. Thus, those first three sick people in Buffalo had already likely infected dozens more at work, at school, on the trolley or in their crowded apartments. Le char d'assaut a-t-il provoqué l'effondrement allemand de 1918 ? This, along with what proved to be a fortuitous trolley car strike during the worst of the epidemic, allowed Buffalo to escape with a relatively light outbreak. By Tuesday, October 8, the news announced that 122 new cases of the flu had been reported and that a total of 456 cases and 33 fatalities had been reported to Dr. Gram since October 1. Son plus célèbre récipiendaire est le général SS Sepp Dietrich. Forty, George (1995). Their work in 1918 was complicated considerably by the war effort and the reluctance of President Woodrow Wilson’s administration to create any public panic that might interfere with the flow of troops and materiel to the front. Buffalo acting Health Commissioner, Dr. F.C. The Erie County Sheriff had to serve notice on St. Stanislaus to force the church to bury corpses left in the open. @#$&*\-_). There were new sights to take in as well: Buffalo was home to the nation’s first purpose-built movie theater, the ‘vitascope hall’ in the Ellicott Square Building, which opened on October 19, 1896 (and saw an astonishing 200,000 visitors its first year despite having only 72 seats!). Many, however, required their workers to wear masks and keep windows open while they worked. Surgeon General, Rupert Blue, issued the suggestion that municipalities close schools, theaters and most controversially churches, effective immediately. Chars allemands 14-18. Sturmpanzer A7V: First of the Panzers. Les Allemands avaient pris du retard sur les Britanniques et les Français, mais ils firent grande impression. On October 27, the International Railway Corporation gave in to employee demands and raised the men’s pay to 46 and 48 cents an hour, allowing them to turn on the heat in the cars and also to pay some $275,000 in back pay. Thousands of Buffalonians died of the disease or its complications, a 31.4% increase over the previous year. Unlike a variety of other communicable diseases like yellow fever, typhoid, trachoma and even glanders, influenza was not a “reportable disease” in New York State at the beginning of 1918. C'est là encore un mastodonte de 40 tonnes, équipé de 2 canons de 57 mm et de 4 à 6 mitrailleuses. En avril 1918, lors de la seconde bataille de Villers-Bretonneux, trois chars allemands A7V engagèrent trois chars britanniques Mark IV. Chars Mark 1 restaurés par les Allemands et détruits en octobre 1918 A la fin de la guerre, en octobre 1918, comme s'il n'était pas conscient de leur défaite proche, les Allemands conçoivent un nouveau char dérivé du mark IV britannique, le char A7V/U. The Queen City eventually enacted the whole menu of anti-flu measures. Doctors and nurses attend to dozens of stricken soldiers at Fort Riley, KS. From what we now know about epidemiology, it was likely percolating for months earlier than that, seeding itself thoroughly across the countryside, so that when the disease’s death toll finally rose above the “background noise” of normal mortality and was noticed, it did so nearly instantaneously. The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic was unlike any other in recent human experience. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. pp. Comment ajouter mes sources ? A scene from the influenza pandemic that claimed the lives of 675,000 Americans and over 2,000 Buffalonians. Exactly why this strain was so fatal continue to be debated. A second significant military outbreak of the disease was reported in September—this time at Camp Devens near Boston. Not surprisingly perhaps, this patchwork of administrative authority produced a wide variety of responses among U.S. communities, with Buffalo being on the more thorough-going side. 10 Novembre 2020, Rédigé par BERNIE 54 Publié dans #1914-1918, #BOYAUX, #FORTS, #Photographies, #Poilus, #TRANCHEES, #Verdun, #allemands, #americains, Bernard célèbre le 11 novembre en nous présentant ses dioramas consacrés à la grande guerre With the resumption of streetcar service, the continued decline of flu cases and the subsequent lifting of the quarantine, most of Buffalo’s citizens settled back into the pattern of Liberty Loan drives, newsreels of the war and work. Le 15 septembre 1916 est une date clé dans l'histoire de la Première Guerre mondiale. Almost all of the fatalities occurred in the brief period between the end of September and the beginning of November 1918. Public funerals were specifically banned. We offer this bonus content on Buffalo's Pan Am women to accompany Daniel Moreno's article, "Her Executive Ability: Challenging Gender Norms at the Pan American Exposition" that appeared in the Winter 2021 issue of Western New York Heritage. The quarantine was officially lifted at 5 a.m. on November 1, although churches were allowed to hold services (with parishioners included this time) at noon the day before. Le 15 juillet 1918 sept A7V participèrent à une attaque contre les lignes françaises, sans pertes. Specialty industries like the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, several car and truck manufacturers and a slew of casting and machining businesses all made important contributions to the world’s first attempt at mechanized war.